Introduction: Developing economies suffer from high degree of macroeconomic uncertainty. Growth, inflation, real exchange rates and other key macroeconomic variables are much more volatile, and the consequences of this excess volatility for aggregate performance in several dimensions like growth, investment and trade, have attracted some attention in recent empirical literature. In the case of investment, this concern has been renewed by recent theoretical work identifying several channels through which uncertainty can impact investment, under various assumptions about risk aversion, adjustment costs to investment and other factors. Iran, has a high degree of uncertainty in the macroeconomic variables. One of the major challenges related to the management of the foreign exchange market in Iran comes back to agricultural investment. Among different investments in economic sectors, investment in agricultural sector possesses a special prominence and position since investment in agricultural sector not only induce the growth of production and employment in this very sector, but also encourages production and employment growth in other economic sectors. Therefore, identifying effective factors on investment in agricultural sector and adopting suitable policies for increasing investment, possesses a supreme prominence. In Iran, the notions of finance and investment have always been facing several difficulties due to deep independence to oil revenues and instability of its price as well as high risk it involves; and for this reason, investing in different sectors, including agriculture, has always experienced severe fluctuations. Materials and methods: Data on agricultural investment in Iran were provided by annual statistics from 1978-2016. All of the following data were gathered from the statistical office of the Central Bank of Iran including Investment in agricultural sector in Rials using a constant price of 2011 = 100, Annual real GDP using a constant price of 2011 = 100, Short run interest rate on bank facilities and loan, and loans given to agricultural sector by banks. (NARDL) method When the order of integration is not the same for all variables then we use the lagged variables as proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001). Imagine two variables and their relation as follow: t t t t y  X  X u        t 0 t t X X X X      To check the asymmetries, we have to make a separate series for appreciation and depreciation as proposed by Bahmani-Oskooee and Soharabian (1992). A series of exchange rate will be divided in its positive movements or appreciation, as indicated by t X  , and negative movements or depreciation, as indicated by t X  , and is given as follows: 1 1 (, 0), (, 0) t t t j j t j j j j X X Max X Min                    To check the impact of positive and negative movements of one variable on the other variable, Equation above will be transformed as: t 0 t 0 t 1 t 1 t z  Y  Y  X  X             The non-linear ARDL model can be described as follows 1 0 ( ) p q t j t j j t j j t j t j j y  Y                     Results and Discussion: In order to study the nonlinear effect of exchange rate and its shock on investment in agricultural sector, a (NARDL) model has been used. The results of Ramsey Reset Test show that the model is well-specified. LM test has been applied to investigate auto correlation. The results of LM test also reveal that the zero hypothesis is not rejected, and the final model does not have the problem of consistent correlation. The Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Test (BPG) has been employed to investigate the phenomenon of heteroskedasticity. The results of this test also indicate that for the final model, the zero hypothesis is not rejected, and therefore the pattern do not have the problem of Heteroskedasticity. Positive shocks of exchange rate have shown a negative impact on agricultural investment in the current and previous two periods. While negative shocks of exchange rate have had a positive effect on current investment. (NARDL) pattern is a method which considers the short-run dynamics among the variables and estimates the long-run relationships as well. In this pattern first the dynamic model, then the long-run relation and error correcting pattern are fitted. The results of the Wald test show that the hypothesis of symmetry between positive and negative shocks is rejected and hence the effect of currency shocks is asymmetric. In the long run, changes in positive currency shocks have had a negative effect on investment. Results of F test also approve the long run relation. H0 is rejected and the presence of long-run relation is confirmed. The presence of co-integration among a set of economic variables provides a statistical base for using the error correction pattern. In the short term, current currency shocks and the previous two period currency shocks have had a negative and significant impact on agricultural investment. In Short term, changes in negative shock had no effect on investment. Also, after 1. 5 periods, the short-term imbalances are adjusted in the long run. Conclusion: This study used a non-linear autoregressive distributed lag ((NARDL)) model to check an asymmetrical relationship between Exchange volatilities and agricultural Investment. In current study, the Hodrick Prescott filter has been used to derive exchange rate volatilities. Results have shown that: 1) there is a negative and significant relationship between exchange rate shocks and investment in the agricultural sector in the short and long term. 2) With respect to negative impact of exchange rate on investing in agricultural sector, if this exchange rate increases remain stable, investment in the agricultural sector would decline very severe. Given the direct and historical impact of investing in the current period, investment will also be a problem for future years. Since given loan have had a positive impact on the investment, it is suggested that government increases these loans and facilities. The purpose of this policy is to prevent current investments decreases. 3) With respect to negative reaction of investment to US-Dollar-denominated shocks, the decline in US-Dollar dependency and the use of other high-yielding currencies such as the EURO currencies are appropriate. There are asymmetrical linkages between these two variables therefore negative exchange rate volatilities have positive effect and positive exchange rate volatilities have negative and significant effect on agricultural investment. The effect of negative shocks was less than the positive ones.

in this study, the elasticity of Iran's trade balance is investigated through terms of trade in a nonlinear and asymmetric format in the period 1978-2018. Based on the evidence, contrary to the results of linear estimation of ARDL, which showed that the terms of trade has a positive effect on the trade balance in the short and long term, examining the non-linear model of (NARDL), terms of trade and oil prices showed asymmetric effects on the trade balance. The additive effect of terms of trade on the trade balance is observed in the short term equal to -0.531 and in the long term equal to 1.922, which are significant. On the other hand, the decreasing effect of terms of trade on the trade balance in the short term is equal to 2.4330 and is not significant; While in the long run, it is reported to be -0.3412 and significant. So that the increasing effect of terms of trade in the short run is associated with a decrease in the trade balance and in the long run with an improvement in the balance. Therefore, terms of trade have asymmetric effects on the trade balance in the short-term and long-term and the existence of S-curve and J-curve is confirmed in the Iranian economy. Other results show that increases in oil prices have a positive effect on the trade balance in the short term and a negative effect on the long term; But the reductions do not have a significant effect. In a way, the improvement of oil prices in the short run will increase the trade balance; But in the long run, it will reduce the trade balance. This situation confirms the phenomenon of Dutch disease in Iran.

in this study, the elasticity of Iran's trade balance is investigated through terms of trade in a nonlinear and asymmetric format in the period 1978-2018. Based on the evidence, contrary to the results of linear estimation of ARDL, which showed that the terms of trade has a positive effect on the trade balance in the short and long term, examining the non-linear model of (NARDL), terms of trade and oil prices showed asymmetric effects on the trade balance. The additive effect of terms of trade on the trade balance is observed in the short term equal to -0.531 and in the long term equal to 1.922, which are significant. On the other hand, the decreasing effect of terms of trade on the trade balance in the short term is equal to 2.4330 and is not significant; While in the long run, it is reported to be -0.3412 and significant. So that the increasing effect of terms of trade in the short run is associated with a decrease in the trade balance and in the long run with an improvement in the balance. Therefore, terms of trade have asymmetric effects on the trade balance in the short-term and long-term and the existence of S-curve and J-curve is confirmed in the Iranian economy. Other results show that increases in oil prices have a positive effect on the trade balance in the short term and a negative effect on the long term; But the reductions do not have a significant effect. In a way, the improvement of oil prices in the short run will increase the trade balance; But in the long run, it will reduce the trade balance. This situation confirms the phenomenon of Dutch disease in Iran.

The government tasks in regard to justice and increase social welfare is offering services and public finance, maintain order through enforce laws and good governance in the regulation of relations between governmental and public relations together with the help of the judicial system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of government spending on public affairs and related chapters, including: legislation, public services, judiciary, financial services and science development on the Amartya Sen social welfare index during business cycles in the Iranian economy. In this regard, the nonlinear self-explanatory model with wide intervals ((NARDL)) has been used to estimate time series data during the period of 1973-2019. The results show that in Iran, the positive shock of government spending in the science, legislative and public development chapters during business cycles has increased social welfare and in the judicial season decreased social welfare. The negative shock of government expenditures in public affairs and legislative, public and financial services chapters during business cycles and judicial chapter in recesion periods have significantly increased social welfare, significantly. Also, the negative shock of government expenditures in the science development chapter during recesion and boom, respectively, has increased and decreased Social welfare significantly. Thus, government Expenditure on public affairs and related sub-chapters during business cycles has had asymmetric effects on social welfare.

One of the most important economic goals of each country is to increase economic resilience and reduce the damage caused by internal and external shocks. Several factors affect a country's economic resilience. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of international trade on the resilience of Iran's economy using data from 1990 to 2022 using a regression approach with nonlinear distributive interruptions. The results show that in the long run, with increasing trade, the country's economic resilience will increase. Based on the results, the positive effect of trade shock in the long and short term increases economic resilience, while negative shock has a bigger impact on reducing economic resilience compared to the positive effect of trade, so the existence of an asymmetric relation between positive and negative shocks of trade on resilience is confirmed. Also, an increase in economic growth and liquidity can increase economic resilience, while an increase in the real exchange rate causes a decrease in resilience in Iran's economy. 

This paper uses the non-linear auto-regressive distributed lags ((NARDL)) model to examine the short-and long-run effects of the negative and positive shocks of the shadow economy on financial development in Iran over the period 1974-2015. For this purpose, the ratio of liquidity to gross domestic product is used as an indicator of financial development. The shadow economy includes all market-based production activities that are deliberately hidden from government officials due to the escape or avoidance of payments, such as taxes and social security contributions. In this study, the MIMIC (multiple indicators and multiple causes) calculations by Piraee and Rajaee (2015) are used for estimating the shadow economy. The results show that the effects of positive and negative shocks of shadow economy on financial development are asymmetric in the short-and long-run. This asymmetry means that in the short-and long-run, the negative shock to shadow economy is more effective than its positive shock. Therefore, in order to maintain the current level of financial development, the government can monitor size of shadow economy through strict control of illegal activities in the short-run, identify the illegal activities, and reduce them in the long run.

Agriculture is recognized as the driving force of economic growth, especially in developing economies. Attention to agriculture is extremely important, especially during economic sanctions owing to its critical roles such as income for rural people, food security, job creation, and foreign exchange earnings. On the other hand, foreign trade is vital to technology transfer to the country. The present study investigates the linear (nonlinear) relationship between agricultural import shocks and agricultural growth in Iran using annual data for the period 1978-2020 by application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model ((NARDL)). The results confirmed asymmetry in the impact of imports on growth. In other words, the superiority of the nonlinear model was in explaining the relationships between variables. To be specific, a positive and negative shock to agricultural imports affected sector growth by 0.18 and -0.05 percent, respectively in the long run. However, the latter was found statistically insignificant. Moreover, we found evidence of the asymmetry in the effect of other variables (except labor) on growth.

The Currency depreciation has significant effects on macroeconomic variables that income distribution is not excluded. With Currency depreciation, wages do not adjust fully to inflationary effects of currency depreciation, a depreciation could shift income from workers to producers which could worsen income inequality. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of asymmetric the real exchange rate shocks on income distribution in Iran. In this research, the effects of positive and negative real exchange rate shocks on the Gini coefficient index using non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model ((NARDL)) have been investigated during the period of 1357-1395. By comparing the results of the cumulative effects of the positive and negative real exchange rate shocks on the Gini coefficient it can be concluded that the effects of positive and negative real exchange rate are asymmetric and the effect of positive real exchange rate shock is greater than the effect of negative real exchange rate shock in the short and long-term. According to other results presented in the research, the consumer price index with the positive effect has the most impact on the Gini coefficient in the short-term and the degree of trade openness with negative effect has the most impact in the long run.